Tuesday, October 2, 2018

Libertopia



As the vessel approached the landing dock of Libertopia and began to slow, James looked around. He was very high up, above the troposphere, and looking down on the weather below. There were light fluffy clouds dotting the sky below them. As the air compressed in front of their vessel, creating a braking action the hiss could be heard allowing some of the air to bleed by in order to gain the last few meters. Seconds later the docking was completed and the doors slid open. James, his wife Lisa, and their fellow passengers walked in and entered “Libertopia”. There was a sign reading, “Welcome to Libertopia”, with a sub captioning reading, “Each for themselves to make a greater humanity”.

James smiled as he read this, but knew that getting into the city was a bit tougher than some of the other countries throughout the world. Libertopia did not want loiterers or people who did not believe in freedom entering and ruining the city. Founded by readers of “Atlas Shrugged” it was modeled after Atlantis from the novel, but not kept a secret as it was in the book. The founders felt that getting this idea out into the world view would promote libertarian ideals throughout the world.

Founded in the first half of the 21st century, Libertopia needed a few key ingredients to get started. The technology that was key to the successful construction was graphene, and the ability to make large structures from graphene and nanotubes. It started much like an offshore oil platform floating in the Pacific Ocean, and was built up from there. Today it has expanded by using the natural gas harvested from the ocean floor along with the energy that is harvested from the sun. The skyscraper design is actually designed to reach into space and offers the first low energy/thrust method of transportation into space. This is a great revenue generator for the inhabitants who have industrialized this sector of the massive Libertopian economy.  

The sub structure supporting the city, was and still is being created, by filling large graphene hulls with the soil and stones from the ocean floor. No concrete or cathodic protection needed since the graphene is impermeable and resistant to harsh chemical actions of the ocean water. This substructure is expandable to allow the city to grow outwards, while maintaining the proximity that makes the sharing of resources more efficient, and the overall operating expenses lower.

Electricity powers 100 percent of Libertopia. This is simply because it is easier to use, transport , and store. They do use petroleum oil, gas, and coal as important material feedstocks. Overall electricity in Libertopia is extremely cheap due to the ability to create thin film solar panels using doped graphene in P-N junctions. These panels are above the troposphere, which contains the clouds, and keeps them above the potentially cloudy weather. This allows for reliable energy to be delivered to the consumers as needed. The backups are also very robust, and sized to always be capable of producing 300% of demand when the sun is not producing. These backups consist of micro hydroelectric, gas turbine dual cycles, and graphene solid-state energy storage.

Natural gas is burned in a dual cycle power plant which sends the gas through a jet turbine and uses the exhaust to heat a boiler operation. This is mainly done to gain the carbon dioxide needed to support the islands intensive agriculture operations since the plants around Libertopia have sucked up vast amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide (which was found to be insubstantial in anthropogenic climate change).

Located along the equatorial plane in the Pacific Ocean, the food production is paramount to making Libertopia the true paradise on earth that it is. Modeled after sustainable, holistic, regenerative, and permiculture. The agriculture consists of farming the oceans to create an ecology of the ocean that is far superior to any other sea. It is so productive that the inhabitants have created further enhancements to the surrounding oceans to create more life in these otherwise dead areas. The surplus creates a nice financial yield for the inhabitants that decide to pursue this endeavor, and is so industrious that many of the sponsored citizen applicants who are of lower skill flock towards these jobs. Part of the creation of extra graphene hulls is to make the water shallower, and more hospitable for ocean plants and fish. This can be done without impeding movements to the deeper ocean, and overall allows for the ocean ecology to flourish multiplying the yield of these areas many fold.

Moving skyward there are management intensive rotational grazing operations to create fertile top soil, and healthy herbivores for consumption. Being an artificial island, this is a key step in Terra forming and creating the top soil needed to produce the plants that make up the bulk of the inhabitants caloric needs. People are free to eat what they would like, but in true libertarian fashion, the food must not cause harm to the surroundings, so things like genetic modification (breeding is ok), pesticides, and herbicides are left out to avoid long term problems associated with their use and consumption.

Importing food is non existent since the quality is often questioned, and the integrity compromised by man made adulterations. Due to the layered effect of the city, any crop can be grown at different elevations as needed, and at any desired quantity.

Robotics have been embraced to save labor, especially in agriculture. This allows people to spend their days in higher productivity or rewarding activities. When a robot issues a fault, there is an option for passer byers to be alerted on their personnel device. They can aid the robot in correcting its course to obtain social capital points, and more importantly to gain money. This is up to the main caretaker in how they want to handle robotic faults, but when the robot has a fault it simply shuts down until a human can come and help intervene. Robotic safety is very high on the island, and there is work being done on smarter and more capable robots that can help dumber robots in fault mode, but like any new technology it takes time to develop. These smarter robots will also fault out when in question to avoid injuring themselves or more importantly human passer byers.

Taxes are collected on traded goods in the form of a tariff on exports. This is widely accepted since the technological advances have created enormous surplus, at a much lower production cost than people in other parts of the world can achieve. Taxes are very low anyway, because the whole of the population is self sufficient, financially independent, and extremely productive. Although there is a great deal of leisure time, people in this city love to work. After all their reward is in social capital points and money that is backed by specie (gold and silver). Unlike much of the world where people hide out in their dwelling after a long day of sitting in an office, the people of Libertopia spend their free time socializing, recreating, and most importantly thinking about and designing the future of humanity. By not worrying about taxes and government bureaucracies they free up much of the mental stress and anxiety that most people in other parts of the world are forced to deal with.

Hiring and firing people is extremely easy in this society. Many might think that this is a bad thing, but it actually creates a very low rate of unemployment, and better overall management to employee relationships since employees and managers can find the most symbiotic relationship possible.

Some countries do refuse to trade with Libertopia, because they still believe in fiat currency, and they refuse to buy gold in order to complete the transaction. Libertopia is very self sufficient, but does open up to bartering if the country refuses to convert its money into gold. These countries don’t have much leverage though, since many of the goods and services can be produced in Libertopia. Trade overall is not the main economic driver for Libertopia. It’s expansion into space, energy, and computation drive much of the exchange, and most of this exchange happens on the artificial island.

Social capital is important to the inhabitants. Many of the applicants seeking to come and become residents must prove that not only they can sustain themselves for a period, but that they will not try to ever become a leach on the society at large. Money on the island is all backed by gold and silver, making it hard for some to afford the entry without viable means or means of production. This is a harsh reality for many throughout the world, but is necessary in order to avoid becoming a failed welfare state like many of the countries throughout the world.

There are further cities of this nature under construction along the equatorial plane. One is fittingly named Atlantis, which is obviously located in the Atlantic Ocean. Atlantis is actually going to generate revenue by its ability to disrupt hurricanes before they can form. This is an energy intensive process, so countries normally affected by hurricanes have the option to purchase this service.

-----

After looking around and reading some of the above information, James approaches the check in desk with his wife Lisa.

“Hello, how may I help you?” asks a handsome registrar in his mid 30s.

“We are here for the conference,” answers James who pulls out his display to show him the confirmation.

“Oh, yes, indeed,” says the registrar, who scans the display. “It looks like everything is all set on the payment end. The door over there will take you to the elevator. Once on board, just scan your pass and it will take to you straight to the conference. It is quite a beautiful venue, and you should enjoy. Any questions before you head off?” he asks with a friendly smile.

James and Lisa are on their way to a technology conference. Since Libertopia is a leader in most ethical fields of technology, they are pretty excited to learn some of the new developments of the last year. Libertopia has managed to attract the best and brightest liberty minded people throughout the entire world. This does leave out some smart people who would rather become politicians, CEOs, or upholders of the orthodox in their native country, but the loss to Libertopia is minimized by not including these types of people.

James responds to thank the greeter, and they head off to the conference. At the conference they are reminded to tour around the city and take in as much information as possible. Some suggestions are made about some of the best venues throughout the city. Unfortunately over staying a visa in the city is viewed pretty negatively, so everyone is reminded to leave within 24 hours of their stated departure. This is just to prevent a mass migration to the city from unvetted people seeking to leach off the fruits of the established inhabitants labors.

As they leave the conference, Lisa is excited to tour the aquafarm which is similar to an aquarium but with fish that are harvested for the caloric needs of the inhabitants. As they get on the elevator vessel, they request to be taken to this facility. With a smooth acceleration they are whisked to the floor. When the door opens, Lisa exclaims, “Oh wow! Look at all of those fish, and seaweed, and..”. Lisa is looking up at the graphene ceiling. They are in a large tunnel that extends underwater through the aquafarm.

Below them, the septic system of the city is visible. Despite the thought that this should be ugly it is actually an interesting feature. The design uses a process where the water is filtered out using graphene filters. This water is typically used in the micro-hydro or combined cycle power plants since it is rendered fresh. Although clean enough to drink, the stigma of drinking that kind of water still exists. The solids from the waste stream are cycled into different graphene hulls where they are composted, and allowed to rot until pathogens are eliminated. They can then be used to fertilize soils where animals are the consumer of the plants. The fish are a great example of this, and the fertilizer from the waste once it is rested and composted sufficiently is used to grow various algae for the fish to thrive on. The city has no waste streams, with everything being used to promote some other viable enterprise.

“That is pretty cool. Those must be the septic hulls used to grow the plants needed for the fish”, says James pointing to one of the sewage hulls. They continue to walk forward, and see some signage. There are a few options for walks or hikes throughout the facility. The hikes actually have stone and plants along the route. Although they are underwater, the sunshine is still flowing into the chamber providing a nice natural light. A school of fish swims over the top of the tunnel acting like a cloud. They both exclaim at this with delight as the fish clear the water above them allowing the light to re penetrate to the tunnel.

Deciding to take the hike, they set off. The hike descends about 150 meters below the starting point, and has some automatic lighting along the way to compensate for the lack of sunlight. Although the water is clear enough, the fish population is so high, that the light cannot penetrate this deeply and still guide their route.

The route winds down and has some small undulations to create the feeling of terrain. As they neared one of the bottoms they noticed the tunnel lighting up in front of them. The light was moving towards them faster than they were moving towards it.

“Who do you think that is?” asks James, with a very peaked curiosity.

“I don’t know, but looks like we are going to find out shortly”, Lisa replies somewhat excitedly. They continued down the trail, which was really laid out quite well. Along the way they noticed some trail maintenance robots moving rocks, clearing some flora, and smoothing out the main trails. The lights were very close at this point as a group of cyclists approached them.

“Greetings!” says the lead rider as he pulled up on his mountain bike to say hello. “Are you enjoying the trail?” He asks with a big smile on his face.

“Oh yes”, replies Lisa, “It is like no other place on earth!”

“Ah, you must be from the old world?” he asks with the same big smile on his face.

“Yes”, she replies somewhat abashed by feeling more like an outsider.

Sensing this discomfort the cyclist quickly interjected, “Nothing wrong with that, you two should check out the space deck! We have some of the best sunsets that you can see on earth… well, kind of on earth”. He says as he shrugs his shoulders. “Obviously, hard to compare the sunset to any others, and judging by the cloud cover to the west should be a very pretty night.”

“Thanks for the suggestion, we didn’t even think about going up there”, replies James. “What time do you think is best to start that way?”

“Well, your half way through the loop, if you don’t do any of the spur trails. So, if you just do that and hike out, should be pretty ideal timing”, replies the cyclist.

As the rest of his group files in, the lights in the tunnel have stopped moving, but the collapse of the lights into one area was a pretty effect to watch.

The cyclist observes Lisa looking up at the fish and notes, “Yeah, the fish really enjoy the artificial moving lights. They tend to follow us around the tubes. Really pretty to ride along and race them at times! Once these robots finish the trail work, it will roll pretty fast too.” He looks pretty excited at saying this.

“The fish are truly beautiful”, confirms Lisa. “Whose idea was it to create this trail?”

“Well, we have your typical social organizations, like in the old world, but without all of the regulations and scarcities. These tunnels were actually designed and created by a group of hikers and bikers who wanted to make this into one of the most unique recreational areas on earth”, he goes on to say, “We also have some of the best winter sports up higher. It is pretty cool, since Libertopia goes to space, and is located equatorial. This allows for almost every type of climate possible. We actually have the best winter skiing in the world, just up in the main tower. They use the cold from further up to keep the snow in place year round, like a permanent glacier! Not sure how industrious you two are, but you should consider putting in an application to move here.” He smiles as he says this. Libertopia is not easy for some to get into as it is based on Atlantis from the Atlas Shrugged novel by Ayn Rand, but people like Lisa and James who are well educated, motivated, and love life are always welcome.

The cyclist looks around to see that all of his friends in the group have arrived. “Well folks, should we press on so these two can make it to the sunset?”

They all nod, and as the cyclist departs, he says, “My name is John. Not like John Galt”, he chuckles, “but really good to meet you, and probably see you up there soon!”

Lisa and James thank John for the information after introducing themselves. The group of cyclists pedal off. Some of them are on electric hybrid bikes, others on road bikes as there is a paved section to the side, and others like their leader John are on mountain bikes. “Quite the eclectic group of cyclists”, notes James as they peddle off. “This place is pretty amazing.” They walk forward along the path with the lights beginning to turn on in front of them. This reminds them to look over their shoulders and watch the lights of the tunnel move and spread out as the group of cyclists proceeds toward the trail head. “What do you think about moving here?” James asks as a school of fish swirls above.

“I think it is definitely worth putting in an application before we head back”, says Lisa as she leans into James for an embrace. They continue walking up and down the undulations, enjoying the scenery inside and outside the tunnel. Along the way there are water features, like ponds and water falls. Many of the plants were picked that like lower light conditions, like ferns and mosses, but the humidity and temperature seem to be just about perfect for physical activity. They later find out that the air is optimized around the inhabitants as they travel the tunnel. Of course as anything “public” on this island there is a small usage fee to help share the costs of these services.

As they near the outlet of the tunnel, it is obvious with the greater lighting and more people. “Well, the 80/20 rule still applies, even in Libertopia”, says James in a joke to Lisa.

“What do you mean by that?” she questions.

“Oh, just that every trail seems to have 80% of the people in the first 20% of the trail”, he exclaims with a chuckle.

“Ah, true”, she resigns to the acknowledgement of the truth and comedy in his statement, “Even here that rule seems to apply, but at least it was a nice walk.”

“Want to watch the sunset from the space deck?” James asks Lisa as they finish their tour of the aquafarm.

“That would be great”, replies Lisa, “The only sunsets that are more impressive, are maybe the sunsets that you can see from space", she says quoting the cyclist John.

“Well, technically the observation deck is in the lower regions of space”, James says with a grin. This city was like no other place they had visited before, and they were fortunate to have done a bit of traveling. All of the people were extremely friendly, well educated in a manner that made conversation about everything far more interesting than the old world where people were locked into politically correct silos, and people here were generally in better physical conditioning.

As they finish their climb out of the aquafarm and back to the elevator, there are some groups assembling to ride bikes, hike, and go for runs. Some people are just doing yoga in this underwater park. Getting onto the elevator vessel they scan their display credentials, request to travel to the space deck, and take their seats. They are whisked skyward at a nice and steady acceleration that does not jar them, but is somewhat relaxing. Minutes later they arrive at the space deck, with the doors opening to allow their egress. It is important to note that the trips in the vessels are tracked, and paid for by the individuals. Things like larger groups can reduce the per head fee, but in a truly libertarian fashion, people paid their own burdens in the city and did not push these costs onto their fellow citizens. Lisa and James are covered for travel, by their visa that was paid for using gold equivalent money.

True to a prosperous society, somethings were given to the public for altruistic means, but even this wasn’t totally necessary since the costs were so small that simply paying your way was easier and more fair than creating free services. After all, nothing is free, requiring time, energy, and/or materials for creation and maintenance.

As they step out of the vessel, there many groups of people gathered to watch the sunset. As John had mentioned, the clouds in the west were just right to generate the pinks and oranges that would paint the evening sky for the next half an hour. The deck was spacious and space was much more vivid in the evening lighting.

“We should stay to see the stars”, says Lisa looking up at some of the most vivid stars she has seen in her life even with the sun still setting on the horizon.

“I agree”, says James, “If that is what they look like during the end of the day, can you imagine?”

As they are looking up, a shuttle pops out of the top of the tower. The top of the tower is still about 1 km above their heads, but the evidence of the launch was pretty clear. This wasn’t the violent launch of a rocket, but more the casting off of a vessel, most likely a tourist vessel, to do a low earth orbit, and return for docking.

“You know, next time we get back here, we might have to take a shuttle ride”, Lisa says nodding toward the shuttle.

“That is a great idea”, says James as they move closer to the sun set view. The floor tapers down, not in order to create stadium seating, but more to promote solar energy harvesting. The floor that they are standing on is actually a large photo voltaic cell array. Of course the ceilings and wall, although see through, also harvest solar energy throughout the day. Below them is a large vessel with lighter than air gas to provide an upward tension on the tower. There are several of these located along the tower to eliminate the need for outriggers. These will be obfuscated once some of the other cities are constructed, and a spacial tunnel system interconnects the cities creating a spacial weave and rigidity. Atlantis is on the opposite side of the world, but the talk of building more of these cities is extremely popular, with some even being proposed to be built on land.

As the sun sets, ending an amazing day, Lisa and James look on impressed by what is easily the best sunset they have ever gotten to witness in first person. It is obvious that other people from the conference are here, but there are also many inhabitants taking in the natural beauty that their ocean based city provides.

Although extremely peaceful, Libertopia does have an active militia, Navy, Air Force, and some of the best technologies for offense and defense in the world. Unfortunately this is still needed in the world, but the world has become a much more peaceful planet since the 20th century.

In order to join the militia, citizens are trained on how to run the military equipment. Because the equipment is well designed and easy to use this is easy enough. People applying for citizenry and opting into the military are looked on much more favorably. This trained and ready militia offers a large force multiplier with the marriage of robotics and other technologies. They have no need for a standing Army, and there is no need to develop one since there is no need to go on the offensive. When Libertopia needs to expand its land holdings, people simply pay to build more land or housing as they see fit in a free market capitalistic balancing act of housing.

If there is a dispute with a sovereign country then Libertopia can simply cut trade with that sovereignty. In a world where Libertopia is the cheapest, most advanced producer of goods this can be economically devastating for the aggressive country.

They also have a force that would make the nuclear triad blush. Unfortunately in a nuclear world the ability to retaliate is needed to keep the overall peace. Mutually assured destruction is a scary thought, but if a nuclear war were to start Libertopia would be best positioned to weather a nuclear winter with their energy collection well above the troposphere. Libertopia has a full defensive sweet to eliminate incoming missiles, fully electric Navy that is the quietest and most efficient in the world to keep threats out from the ocean. As the shuttle launches demonstrate, their ability to get into space was much easier for them than any other countries on earth. As a libertarian nation, Libertopia did not want to threaten anyone, but simply is prepared for whatever might come their direction.
As the remainder of the sun faded over the clouds, and the clouds went from orange to pink to dark gray, the sunset was over. With the clouds going from purple to gray, they took their focus upwards towards the stars, where the vividness was just as breathtaking as the sunset.

“So, should we get that application in tomorrow?" asks James as the brightest shooting star either of them have ever seen blazes over the horizon.

“Haha, if that is not an omen for a yes, I don’t know what is!” Lisa exclaims.

                                                      ---- The End ----

The competition of creating a libertarian society has shifted the politics and policies of many of the countries throughout the world. Much like the establishment of the United States in 1776, Libertopia was a place where people could come for freedom, productivity, and liberty. The rules were just as basic as the original constitution, but included protections to keep it from degrading into the political and bureaucratic nightmare that had taken shape in Washington D.C from 1910 to 2016.

Now, the United States is leading the charge, and going back to its original libertarian and republican ideals. The Democratic party was disbanded by a series of unethical behaviors, corruption, and general moral decay. It still existed as a democratic socialist movement, but as people began to realize that free market capitalism was not present in the early 21st century United States, and that socialism does not work in heterogeneous independent minded populations they looked back to what worked and chose the libertarian party to supersede the Democratic party. When Libertopia was created, the Libertarian party was weakened a bit, by the migration of some of the strongest supporters, but this served to act as a great model. A model that the United States gave the rest of the world in the decades and centuries before.

Following the model of Libertopia, the United States has shifted it’s focus back to the ideals that made Americans free to pursue their dreams. It is truly the greatest ally and trading partner with the Libertopians, and as more of these artificial island nations sprout up throughout the globe there will be more prospect for the citizens of the wrecked nations of the earth, where dictators under socialist or fascist doctrines have gained control and taken the country down a dark path. As these dictators and oligarchs are needing to take Soviet style measures to slow the egress of their disgruntled populations, it is the hope that rather than flee, these people will rise up in a libertarian and free market capitalistic revolution to establish their republic in order to live and prosper under a government that grants freedom and justice for all.

The Libertopian Pax extends to all friendly countries and guarantees protection of the trading from pirates and other menaces throughout the world. Air Force has become more important than the Navy since more transportation is taking place above the troposphere in lighter than air carriers and interconnected tubing system. The Libertopian Pax is much like the Pax Americana of the 20th century with the exception of the Soviet threat to make it a true competition.

The world is truly a better place, and it is hard to not think of a little prayer to end this story.

Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Amen.


Absolute Zero and the Black Hole





Disclaimer – This is a tale of fiction. The author is not an expert on astrophysics, but maybe this is a valid existential human risk that can be added to the pool with thermal nuclear weapons, super intelligent artificial intelligence, meteorites, etc.

As we ride upon our wave of time and gravity, it is easy to take both time, space, and especially gravity for granted. I recently heard a famous scientist say something along the lines that: “try to find books on gravity, you will find 2. Gravity- we got this one.” As if to say gravity is so well understood, and has no mystery to it. I think this is a form of hubris and misunderstanding that can create existential human threats, but scarier indeed, is the ability to stifle human curiosity and discovery with such orthodox thinking.

                                               ------- On with the show -----------

“Welcome to our little slice of heaven, within the heavens!”, Emma says, greeting the founder of her research company. She continues, “We are going to be starting the experiment shortly. I am really glad you could make it. The super cooling process has already started, with the hyper-cooling staged to start in 10 minutes Dr. Franks.”

Dr. Franks smiles as he looks around. He has been interested in absolute zero since he was a small child growing up on earth. As someone who was always pushing the limits on what was thought to be possible, here he was, yet again to witness something that many thought to be impossible to achieve.

“Great, thank you so much for everything you have done in making this project a success Dr. Smith.” Mr. Franks says as his smile grows large.

“Oh, you know to just call me Emma!”, Emma says with a smile. She never really felt the need to validate herself with fancy titles. She after all was one of the leading research scientists in the solar system.

“True, you know I always like to test your willingness for verbal promotion”, says Dr. Frank as they both chuckle. There is a mutual respect between the pair, as they both have extensive and diverse track records. This research station in itself offered a glimpse into their genius. Being several layers of graphene sheeting, separated by aerogel insulation, the ship offered a very energy efficient, but comfortable working and living environment. This efficiency is important since the test was going to be extremely energy intensive, and use up most of the energy cache.

The two scientists move closer to the main laboratory. Unlike most laboratories, it is located further out on the space station and its main orientation is to always be pointed away from the sun. They are already in the shadow of Mars to gain some additional cooling, but even when in open space, this part of the space station is extremely cold.

“I am guessing this is it?” Dr. Franks asks Emma, as they have entered a room looking onto the aft portion of the space laboratory.

“Yes, this is the observation deck. We are about 200 meters out from the laboratories, and laboratory 2 is going to be where absolute zero is reached today.” She points out laboratory 2 as being the closer lab on the left hand side. There are 4 labs in total, each set up a bit different, but all capable of performing today's operations with little or no modifications. Emma continues the brief, “We have already performed a thermal decoupling with laboratory 2 and are on the schedule you prescribed.”

“Great, thank you so much Emma.”

In the room there are about a dozen technicians making sure everything is running within prescribed and anticipated parameters. One of them, a young man named Peter calls out, “−272.05 Celsius, and falling.”

The last bit of the last degree is the hardest and most energy intensive part. Their goal is to reach −273.15 Celsius or 0 degrees Kelvin. They haven’t really started the hard part of the experiment, and everything so far is pretty routine. After all the temperature of their laboratories never exceeds -150 Celsius, so they are in an area that gets little warmth.

The excitement is high among the technicians and scientists in the observation deck. There is some talk amongst them as they speculate as to what will happen when the temperature hits absolute zero.

“-273.14 Celsius”, calls out another technician minutes later. They are close. Very close. The amount of sensors and instrumentation in laboratory 2 in astonishing. The observation room has outputs charted for most of the sensors, and the artificial intelligence system tracking the experiment also gives voice notifications as they approach critical levels.

“Absolute zero achieved”, chimes in the artificial intelligence tracking program. A round of applause goes through the observation deck. The euphoria is high as everyone is smiling and celebrating this achievement for humanity. This however is short lived as the scientists and technicians get back to collecting valuable data from this first time human achievement.

Dr. Franks looks pleased with the experiment. “Emma, has everything been put in place to sustain this temperature?”

She nods an indication that things are indeed in place, but is looking at all of the charting being created by the data pouring in from the sensors. “Yes, we can maintain this along with full life support for two weeks if needed”.

Since their station was out of the sunshine they had to store up massive amounts of electricity in the graphene power banks. Keeping something this cold simply used up an impressive amount of power.

                                    ------- 11 Days Later -----------


“That is different”, says Peter, with a bit of a concerned expression on his face, as he is monitoring the super cooled core. He continues to explain, “The energy needed to maintain this temperature is starting to fall slightly, by about 4%, but the size of the core is also shrinking… It looks like it just started happening a few minutes ago.”

Emma and Dr. Franks were intrigued. So the super cooling was beginning to take on a life of its own. One of the reasons for confining this experiment to space was to manage the overall risks of the project, balancing the unknowns.

“This is actually something that has been theorized before”, chimes in Dr. Franks. Continuing, but looking a bit sadder he says, “We may have to cut this experiment short. One of the fears with this experiment was that the sustained super cooling would eventually create a lack of internal kinetic energy of the mass.”

The technician interjects, “Not to be rude sir, but power to sustain just fell further. It is now taking 8% less energy to sustain the reaction, with the core size even smaller. I am working to get an accurate core size now.”

“Thank you Peter”, says Dr. Franks. He looks disappointed as he looks toward Emma. “Unfortunately we may have to shut down this operation Emma.”

Emma's disappointment is also visible. “Yes”, she says, “It is a shame the internal energy compression theory is true.”

“Peter, if you would be so kind, please shut down the cooling”, says Dr. Frank in a somewhat disheartened tone.

“Yes sir”, says Peter, who quickly starts the procedure to shut down the cooling. Moments later, when Peter has finished he returns, “Everything is shut down”.

Everyone is silent and quiet for a few minutes. They all knew that this was a possibility when starting the experiment. That when the atoms were cooled to such a lower temperature for so long, that they would lose all kinetic energy. Since matter is derived from energy this would effectively reduce the matter, but to what? They were soon to discover.

Twenty minutes after shutting down the cooling Peter reports an anomaly of the core, “Hey, I think something fishy is going on. The core size is actually still shrinking. The average temperature came up to -273.14 Celsius, but there are still spots that are at absolute zero. Any thoughts?” He asks, somewhat puzzled.

“Whoa...”, says another technician. Lisa looks shocked, and can barely voice her concern, “come take a look at this”, she says.

The group go over to her work station where there is a transmission from earth showing what looks like a black hole formation. A black hole formation emanating from where their research station is located.

“How is that even possible?”, asks Dr. Franks. “That is exactly where we are.”

“The weirdest part is the time stamp”, says Lisa. “It is from a week from now.”

“Oh no. Is there anyway we can stop this?”, asks Emma. She goes on, “It makes sense, by lowering the temperature for that long of a period, the atoms of the core began to collapse upon themselves. That is why the core appears to be shrinking right now. And the transmission from the future has more to do with time already slowing down for us relative to the other people in the solar system. Of course their time is relatively slower than people further out...”

Dr. Franks becomes more alert at this news. “Wow, so in our effort to study absolute zero, we have created a black hole…”, he looks at laboratory 2 in shock as he says this. “Ok, we need to do something about this. If we don’t everything we know and love will be destroyed.”

Peter reports in the new temperature and core size. “Well folks, this is probably not the news everyone is wanting hear right now”. He looks disheartened as he continues his report, “ The average temperature is actually falling. It was at -273.14 Celsius, but currently we are reading -273.144 Celsius. The core has also lost about 3% of its volume, but kept all of its mass.”

                                         --- 24 hours later ---

Despite the best efforts of the crew, nothing could be done to avoid what had been set in motion. As the wave of time emanating from the big bang moved forward their research vessel appeared to be planted in time. Time slowing down is a relative phenomenon, so the crew had no perception that they were slowing down their portion of the time wave relative to the whole time wave. The news from the solar system gave better indications as to their predicaments, but the entire solar system was on a slower moving time wave that was beginning to bend in towards the black hole.

Time had not stopped for the crew of the research station. In fact it seemed to continue on like normal. The issue of energy began to become more apparent. The crew was on minimum life support in order to maintain a cache of energy, but without any sunlight to recharge their energy banks, they were in dire trouble.

The cold from the core was also back to absolute zero. It literally sucked the heat energy out of the station, and surrounding areas. The size had reduced, but even this was starting to be questioned as the notion of relative size was thought about. Is the heat death of the universe just the transformation into black holes?

Friday, August 3, 2018

Disclaimer:


The thoughts expressed in these short stories are just that. Thoughts. They are not beliefs or basis for argument. I hope they are of interest to the reader, and maybe provoke some thoughts on philosophy, technology, morales, and religion.  

Also, keep in mind that these stories take place in the future.

Wednesday, July 25, 2018

The Problem of Increasing Human Energy Inspired by Nikola Tesla






Nikola Tesla wrote “The Problem of Increasing Human
Energy” in 1900. For a book written over 100 years
ago it is amazing to see how far we have come from
what was projected by this brilliant man. Having read
the book three years prior to writing this foreword, I
have had some time to digest and think about the
subject. One thought I always have as a Tesla fan, is:
what would Tesla think about the progress we have
made? Would he be understanding of the rapid
progress in some fields, and the lack of progress or
even regression in other fields? How would he feel
about our current economic, political, and regulatory
systems? What would his stance on artificial
intelligence and industrial farming be? After all this
book was written at the tail end of free market
capitalism, hard money currency, and government had
not grown to regulate every facets of life. Please keep
these thoughts and questions in mind as you read this

book.

I believe that Tesla would be excited and anxious to
expand human knowledge even further if he were
around today. He was able to do extraordinary feats
100 years ago. Now he would be amazed at the
resources available, the lower cost of capital equipment
as compared to income, the increase in disposable
income, and the speed at which things can be taken
from idea to concept would greatly excite him as an
inventor. The ability to obtain and share knowledge
would probably be his favorite advantage of our
modern world, and he would be excited to see how
some of his ideas have come to fruition, while others
are quickly becoming a reality.

Mass and Energy

Today, energy has become abundant. The current
consumption is at its highest rate ever and the move to
“clean” energy is exponentially increasing. The
applications for clean energy will most likely expand the
overall energy extraction and utilization leaving us with
an ever increasing quality of life. Increasing human
energy will be greatly enhanced by increasing the
amount of horse-power each human commands. This
will allow each human to consequently increase their
creative output.

As humanity continues to increase human energy and
the living standard of every human, there will be an
increased consumption of energy. In the very short
term this will come largely from hydrocarbons, but as
the price performance of solar power becomes lower
than hydrocarbons, the switch to solar will increase
exponentially. Ray Kurzweil, an inventor and author
who is famous for projecting exponential curves and
predicting trends for technology based on those curves,
predicts that the price performance cross over, that is,
where solar panels will be cheaper than hydrocarbons,
will happen in 2017. More profoundly yet, he projects
the complete energy capture from solar panels
happening by 2030.

With that being said you may feel that the hydrocarbon
age has run its course. This could be a potential
outcome in the long term energy market, but as silicon
in computers is replaced by carbon as we will discuss
later, the best source of carbon will be the
hydrocarbons we burn for energy today. In fact rather
than extracting hydrocarbons to burn for thermal power
generation, we may extract them as an important
material feed stock and sources of carbon and
hydrogen.

Agriculture and Diet

Farming practices have changed greatly from the time
Tesla wrote How to Increase Human Energy in 1900.
We have gone from small family farms to large
industrial farms that need massive energy inputs, and
capital outlays to produce crops that are subsidized by
the government. Although my views on farming and
diet differ from Tesla's, I see our current agricultural
system as an area where great changes for good can
be made. I agree with Tesla that a move towards
vegetarianism is truly commendable, but in the
transition, raising animals in a more respectable
manner would be preferred. Using animals to restore
deserts into fertile ground would also create a more
prosperous and peaceful world.

Sustainable agriculture has the framework and
modeling to provide clean and abundant food on the
local level throughout the world. When married with
current technology and advancement in robotics this
will unleash an abundance of food that promotes the
local ecology and economy. Following the examples
set by the holistic management institute and farms like
Polyface, humanity can leap forward with clean and
abundant food.

It is not a well known fact that through the use of
herbivores like cattle and a system of intensive
rotational grazing, humanity can capture all of the
atmospheric carbon dioxide emitted since the industrial
revolution in a matter of 10 years. Allen Savory from
the Savory Institute gives a great TED talk on this
subject. The main points of his talk is that healing the
land through human-animal intervention and planning is
not only the best option but also the most practicable.
Intensive rotational grazing restores hydrology cycles,
builds humus in the soil, creates clean and safe food,
and reverses desertification. Desertification is after all
the leading cause of climate change, and a major
problem in the Middle East, African continent, and
western to mid western United States among many
other places throughout the world where row crops or
overgrazing is, or has in the past been implemented.
There are countless studies showing how land has
been healed in various regions by the Holistic
Management and planned grazing.

Intensive rotational grazing of herbivores also builds
soil through the deposition of carbonaceous material
that is stored in the top soil. This carbonaceous
material acts to hold moister and nutrients in the soil for
better plant growth. This is a truly catalytic system with
very positive feedback. As the soil builds, so does the
productivity, which increases the yield, and so on. As
all of the excess carbon is captured from the
atmosphere in this manner, we may actually have a
scarcity of atmospheric carbon dioxide! After all, if
every cow in the United States were raised in intensive
rotational grazing it would sequester all of the carbon
dioxide emitted since the industrial revolution in
approximately 10 years!

This process of intensive rotational grazing works
because you limit the herbivores exposure to the grass,
and manage the duration and timing of the grazing. As
the grass grows above ground the root system grows
below. There is nearly an equivalent amount of mass
underground as above. When the herbivores eat the
grass, the grass responds by taking the stored energy
from the roots to create new greens to restart the solar
collection. This initial growth kills parts of the roots
which decay slowly below surface and become a
carbon source. Along with this carbonaceous deposit
the herbivores secrete urine and feces which fertilize
the soil.

Once on a paddock for a day, the herbivores are moved
to a new neighboring paddock where the grass has
been allowed to grow back and the roots have
recovered. They will not see the paddock they just
grazed until it has rebounded from this grazing which is
typically 30 days. This movement increases the forage
per acre by 400-500 percent. It builds soil at a rate of
approximately 1/10” per year, sequesters carbon
dioxide, and removes the herbivores from the
pathogens in their excretions for 30 days. Not to
mention the health effects from eating grass fed
herbivores, which do not need antibiotics to keep them
alive, and contain fats that are higher in the healthy
fatty acids.

There are three ways to build wealth in a society.
Those three methods are farming, manufacturing, and
mining/extraction. Fundamentally these are all
methods which create. They are also methods which
increase human energy. The models developed by
sustainable agriculture are beautiful for their pure
simplicity. Just take land, sun, water, and well
managed herbivores and watch the grass begin to
grow. Grass is a very robust feed stock. It is much
more resilient than corn or soybeans. It is especially
great because cows are evolved to digest grass. Cows
are however not evolved to digest corn, soy, cow
products, chicken manure, etc. The yield of land as
measured in cow days per acre has been taken up to
200-400 in areas practicing intensive rotational grazing.
This is on parity with the most productive corn fields,
but because it lacks the intensive inputs of a corn field,
the overall productivity and increase in human energy
is much greater. This is comparable to what Tesla says
about iron used for war apparatus versus using iron for
peaceful purposes which increase human energy.
Farming is one way to build something from nothing.
This is why it is one of the three methods of building
wealth. When we can take a vacant piece of land and
make it productive with minimal human effort it will not
only enhance our human energy and economy, but the
land will also yield more for the wild animals foraging
the grasslands. It was noted by Joel Salatin that when
Europeans arrived in America there were more pounds
of animal protein on the continent than today. He then
goes on to point out the fallacy with this. That is we
have created an advanced, sophisticated, complex,
and expensive system which cannot keep up with the
productivity that was nurtured by natives of this
continent.

It will be an uphill battle as our current industrial food
system is entrenched with government subsidies and
regulations in favor of large farming interests, but
overall economics, moral fortitude, and freedom will
prevail. Practitioners like Joel Salatin do quite well
financially in their sustainable farming businesses and
this is going to be a rapidly growing portion of the
agricultural industry as consumers become more
informed.

The looming robotics revolution is also going to take
much of the labor out of sustainable farming. Right
now, the labor component is what keeps many people
out of this. The nice marriage of robotics could make
the capital costs much lower, while also reducing the
yearly labor costs or inputs.

If this intensive rotational grazing system were
implemented on a scale which sequestered a large
portion of the atmospheric carbon dioxide, then the
best source for this carbon dioxide might be a dual
cycle power plant with co-generation using the waste
heat for useful purposes like green houses in northern
climates. By running the fuel through a Brayton cycle
then using the heat exhaust to heat a boiler in a steam
cycle power plant (Rankine cycle), operators have been
able to achieve over 60 percent thermal efficiency.
With the abundance of natural gas this would be a
viable option for many years. Natural gas has always
been the best thermal power generating medium for
“buffer power”. As the transition to solar gains traction
places without the steady stream of sunlight would be
able to buffer their power demand until better energy
storage or solar capture is feasible. Ultimately the best
solar collectors will be in space with no obstruction and
beam the energy down to the earth. This will be a big
step toward humanity becoming a class 1 level of
civilization, that is, using and storing all of the energy
coming from our sun.

Automation and Robotics

Tesla hits on a great point with automaton. This is the
thought that has been most inspirational for me over
the years after initially reading this book. Imagine if you
will, that you own quite a bit of machinery. Is that
machinery of great advantage to you if it sits idly
collecting rust? Or would that machinery be a greater
purpose to you and society if it steadily hummed away
creating articles that benefited other people? I choose
the latter, and firmly believe that a robotic revolution is
needed to increase overall productivity of humanity and
our capital tools. Now I am not talking about artificial
general intelligence that most now associate with
robotics, but with worker bee robots with low level
artificial intelligence that can be programmed easily and
go out to perform tasks for the human users. Since
these could be designed to run around the clock, they
could be scaled down in size, and thus use a lower
amount of energy. Having many of these robots
performing useful wishes will multiply our output and
increase overall human energy.

As automation takes over where most people enjoyed
gainful employment, this will raise a question for some
of, what do I do with all of the newly created idle time.
As someone who enjoys reading books, working out,
and socializing I have no personal concerns about this,
but it is a valid question that will need to be answered
by most people alive today. I feel that the answer to
this increase in idle time will be to play. Play is the best
form of learning, and we will have to find the best
methods of teaching and learning moving forward. The
acceleration of change is already hard to keep pace
with, and as this continues to accelerate, it will
continually get harder to keep up unless aided by new
technologies and ways of thinking.

Capital and Economics

Capital sharing and renting is not altogether new, but it
is becoming easier with the internet. Uber offers a
great platform for the renting of capital equipment.
Imagine that we have self driving cars mixed with the
Uber application, which is ultimately a goal of Uber.
You can now summon a car, and basically rent the car
for just the services you need rendered. Once we have
self driving cars, capitalists will be able to buy and
maintain a fleet of cars which can then be rented out.
These cars would have all of the software needed to
track maintenance, logistics, and virtually make money
automatically. In a no brain-er situation like this,
wouldn't we all want to get into this market? If we think
of a car as a piece of capital equipment, we can now
see that this system will not just work for cars, but for
other tools. Tractors, trucks, bulldozers, excavators,
CNC machines are all just a few examples of
expensive machinery that more than likely sits idle 30-
50% of their lives. By increasing the utilization of this
machinery by just 10% in a productive direction,
imagine the step change in the way we live.
Capitalism is the allocation of scarce resources. As
resources become less scarce and abundance is
realized through the institution of robotics that produce
surplus goods, the economic system can evolve into
something that may resemble socialism. Things are
already tending in this direction as technological
changes are starting to make abundance a very real
thing.

Automation and robotics will not be a detractor to
society as people who fear the loss of jobs may attest,
but rather an enormous productivity increase. They will
greatly allow for the increase in human energy, as
humans can focus on higher and higher value
processes while allowing automation and robotics to
take care of the menial day to day tasks. Every person
will be able to lead a richer and more fulfilled life
without the effort that is required today. Tesla's talk of
Tel automation really drives this home. After reading
this book it inspired my current aspirations of having
micro-controlled robotics for day to day tasks.
Artificial intelligence is a highly debated subject today.
Whether you are for or against, the state of things is
that it is already here. Although the current level of
artificial intelligence is considered low level, it can be
harnessed to greatly enhance the productivity of
humanity while reducing the overall effort. This acts to
greatly reduce the force retarding humanity by aiding it
with the simple tasks. The level of artificial intelligence
we currently have is very safe, but still has enormous
potential to be distributed into various industries.
Speech recognition, algorithm solvers, and chat bots all
use low level artificial intelligence to process their
tasks. There is quite a bit of progress before we get to
anything resembling apocalyptic Hollywood plots. I
agree with Peter Thiel that we can continue the
development of the low level AI for now to enhance our
lives. In 5-10 years when on the brink of artificial
general intelligence more thought will need to go into
the harnessing of such a force as Nick Bolstromm talks
about in the book “Super intelligence”.

Technological Development

Awash with information from the advancement of the
information economy, the transition to the knowledge
economy is well under way. A world where people can
share their peak knowledge spike with all of humanity is
ever easier and easier as this knowledge is shared via
the internet. Virtual reality will supersede video as
video has largely superseded text and audio, and the
ease at which we share information along with the
quality of that information will both be increased.
The maker revolution can be thought of as the shift
from the information age into that of the knowledge
age. Awash with information people have been able to
make better life decisions and live to a much higher
standard, awash with knowledge we will be able to
make physical objects and take life to an almost
unimaginable standard. Right now the rich poor divide
on a global level is sickening, but the greatest hope for
helping the poor throughout the world is going to come
from greater technological reach. Moving bits of
information is easier than moving material feed stock
around the world, and is much easier than moving
finished objects, and as the technology improves,
printing things like solar panels from desert sand could
become a reality.

Additive manufacturing or 3d printing has taken off
literally in the last decade. Literally, because people
are printing quad copters, attaching motors and
electronics, and flying them around. How 3D printing
will change the market place is largely speculated right
now, but the results will eventually be the ability for the
consumer to purchase or download a public domain
plan for a part, or even an article of clothing in the
future, customize it, and then print it out in the comfort
of their home. Because this would only entail the
movement of information and raw materials throughout
the economy, shipping costs will fall drastically.
Graphene by far has the greatest potential to be a life
changing material. Being 200 times stronger than steel
per unit weight, it will greatly change lives when
introduced on the macro scale. While the focus right
now is to study its application on the micro or nano
scale and replacing the silicone found in modern
electronics, by scaling up it is easy to see how it could
benefit larger structures. Imagine skyscrapers and
stacked farming to enhance solar collection. This
would revolutionize quality of life. Transportation with
this lightweight material would be revolutionized and
would most likely take the form of air travel as Nikola
asserted for the advancement of aluminum. Once the
fabrication is figured out, 3d printing structures with a
graphene skeleton would be capable of yielding
extremely strong but complex parts only imaginable
today. This technology will drop the costs of capital
equipment even further allowing more of the world
population to create and innovate.

Although an entire book could be written to speculate
on the advancements that graphene will bring to
society, it is fun to imagine a few of the radically
different ideas, and how they would greatly change our
lives and the world around us. Spires to space made of
graphene and connected with networks of tunnels will
open space to more people and ideas. These spires
will allow launching space vessels, satellites, and
space based solar panels. The spires could also
implement Tesla's idea of hydroelectricity and
electrolysis since this takes a great deal of height
before the turbine would create more power than the
electrolysis would require. The spires to space could
be placed in ocean centers along the equatorial plane.
Barren lands could be restored to grasslands using the
intensive rotational grazing discussed earlier, and the
entire bounty of the earth would increase with the
harnessing of more energy from the sun.

Because graphene can be doped, transistors are
feasible, and the conductivity and thermal dissipation of
graphene are some the materials impressive qualities.
This will allow for the building of ultra fast processors
that will revolutionize computing and will have a much
lower power requirement.

Once large sheets of graphene are easily
manufactured they will make an ideal base for flexible
solar panels since graphene can be doped. At this
point, if solar has not already displaced hydrocarbons
as the main energy source, graphene solar panels will
accelerate this! Not only will graphene revolutionize
solar energy capture, but the implications for energy
storage with graphene are just as promising. Through
the use of graphene capacitors, electrical energy will
quickly be stored, and then can be trickled out much
like batteries. These graphene capacitors will quickly
displace batteries and other energy storage devices
such as hydroelectricity or fuel cells.

As the graphene future is realized, the need for carbon
will increase rapidly. Coming up with the carbon for
this graphene, we will start by using hydrocarbons like
methane, which is the primary constituent of distribution
grade natural gas. Chemical vapor deposition is the
main way of forming laboratory graphene crystals, and
in the future hopefully this is replaced by a method with
more precision and scale ability.